在进行股权顶层架构设计之前，应该清楚地认识到股权架构不是简单的股权比例或投资比例，应该以股东股权比例为基础，通过对股东权利、股东会及董事会职权与表决程序等进行一系列调整后的股东权利结构体系。股权是一种基于投资而产生的所有权。公司管理权来源于股权或基于股权的授权。公司决策来源于股权，同时又影响公司管理的方向与规模。股东只要有投资，就会产生一定的决策权利，差别在于决策参与程度和影响力。

Before designing the top-level equity structure, it should be clearly recognized that the equity structure is not a simple equity ratio or investment ratio. It should be based on the equity ratio of shareholders, and a series of adjustments should be made to the shareholder rights structure system, including shareholder rights, the powers and voting procedures of the shareholders' meeting and the board of directors. Equity is a type of ownership based on investment. The management power of a company comes from equity or authorization based on equity. Company decisions come from equity, while also affecting the direction and scale of company management. As long as shareholders have investment, they will have a certain degree of decision-making power, and the difference lies in the level of decision-making participation and influence.

1.控股股东

1. Controlling shareholder

取得决策权的股东是法律上的控股股东。取得控股股东的方式有两种:一是直接实际出资达50%以上;二是直接实际出资没有达到50%，但股权比例大，再通过吸收关联公司股东、密切朋友股东、近亲属股东等形式，以联盟形式在公司形成控股局势。

The shareholders who obtain decision-making power are legally controlling shareholders. There are two ways to obtain controlling shareholders: one is to directly contribute more than 50% of the actual capital; The second is that the actual direct investment did not reach 50%, but the equity ratio was large. Then, by absorbing shareholders from affiliated companies, close friends, and close relatives, a controlling situation was formed in the company through alliances.

2.表决权的取得

2. Acquisition of voting rights

没能通过以上两种方式成为公司的控股股东，如何对公司进行控股呢?这种情况下，需要在公司成立之初时，在公司章程的起草方面下工夫，以扩大己方的表决权数。要实现股权设计目的，一般情况下是己方有一定的市场优势、技术优势或管理优势，通过这些优势弥补投资资金上的不足，以此换取表决权。

How can we control the company if we cannot become the controlling shareholder through the above two methods? In this case, efforts need to be made in drafting the company's articles of association at the beginning of the company's establishment to expand one's voting power. To achieve the purpose of equity design, it is generally necessary for one's own party to have a certain market advantage, technical advantage, or management advantage, and use these advantages to make up for the lack of investment funds in exchange for voting rights.

3.股权的弱化或强化

3. Weakening or strengthening of equity

股权的弱化或强化是出于对实际投资人利益的保护，以及对吸引优良人才的考虑。常规的“股权设计”遵循的是同等出资同等权利，但遇有隐名股东，干股等情况，一旦有人诉求其完整股东权利，或要求解散公司并要求分配剩余资产时，就会将公司推向危险的境地。因此，在实践中运用章程、合同协议等形式予以约束明确相关股东之间的权利取舍，才可以有效地避免今后产生纠纷。

The weakening or strengthening of equity is based on the protection of the interests of actual investors and the consideration of attracting excellent talents. The conventional "equity design" follows the principle of equal capital contribution and equal rights, but in the case of anonymous shareholders, dry shares, and other situations, once someone demands their complete shareholder rights, or requests the dissolution of the company and the distribution of remaining assets, it will put the company in a dangerous situation. Therefore, in practice, the use of articles of association, contract agreements, and other forms to constrain and clarify the rights of relevant shareholders can effectively avoid future disputes.

4.表决程序

4. Voting procedures

股东会与董事会是常见的公司重大事宜表决部门，但如何设计表决的形式及程序需要依据公司的实际情况而定。有些封闭式的公司规定股东对外转让股权时，必须全体股东2/3的表决权通过才可以;有些公司对股东死亡后，其继承人进入公司决策层及管理层的表决比例或时限做出特别限制。

The shareholders' meeting and the board of directors are common departments for voting on major company matters, but how to design the voting form and procedures needs to be determined based on the actual situation of the company. Some closed companies require shareholders to transfer their equity to the outside world with two-thirds of the voting rights of all shareholders; Some companies impose special restrictions on the voting ratio or time limit for heirs to enter the decision-making and management levels of the company after the death of shareholders.

总之，投资者应充分考虑自己的投资目的、投资额和投资所占公司比例，结合各项优势对股权架构进行深入的分析考虑，才能更好地维护自身利益，为公司稳健发展奠定基础。更多相关事项就来我们网站http://www.guquanzhanlue.com咨询吧！

In short, investors should fully consider their investment purpose, investment amount, and investment proportion in the company, and conduct in-depth analysis and consideration of the equity structure based on various advantages in order to better safeguard their own interests and lay the foundation for the stable development of the company. For more related matters, come to our website http://www.guquanzhanlue.com Consult!